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parapatric speciation
In biogeography, parapatry is the relationship between organisms whose ranges do not significantly overlap but are immediately adjacent to each other; they only occur together in a narrow contact zone. This geographical distribution is opposed to sympatry (same area) and allopatry or peripatry (two cases of distinct areas).
This distribution may cause speciation into sister species over time, a process called parapatric speciation.
== Parapatric speciation model ==
In the parapatric speciation model, the population of a species constitutes one or more biogeographically distinct subpopulations with a small, continuous overlap or minimal contact zone between populations.〔(The University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley (2006) - Parapatric speciation )〕 This minimal contact zone may be the result of unequal dispersal or distribution, incomplete geographical barriers, or divergent expressions of animal behavior, among other things. A parapatric population distribution may result in nonrandom mating and unequal gene flow, which can then produce an increase in the dimorphism between populations. Parapatric speciation is distinct from allopatric speciation (in which an absolute physical barrier is formed between two populations of a species), peripatric speciation (in which a subpopulation of a species enters a new niche that becomes geographically isolated), and sympatric speciation (in which a genetic polymorphism occurs within a continuous population with equal gene flow). In parapatric speciation, there is an intrinsic barrier of nonrandom mating and distinct selection pressures that create unequal gene flow. Parapatric speciation is the culmination of this unequal gene flow effect, in which genotypic dimorphism between populations results in speciation of the population and redefines the population as two or more sister species.〔(Bank, C., Burger, R., & Hermisson, J. (2012). The limits to parapatric speciation: dobzhansky-muller incompatibilities in a continent-island model. Genetics, 191(3), 845-863. )〕
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